Digital Subscriber Line

C H A P T E R Chapter Goals †¢ Identify and examine various kinds of advanced supporter line (DSL) advances. Examine the advantages of utilizing xDSL advances. Clarify how ASDL functions. Clarify the fundamental ideas of flagging and balance. Talk about extra DSL advancements (SDSL, HDSL, HDSL-2, G. SHDSL, IDSL, and VDSL). Advanced Subscriber Line Introduction Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) innovation is a modem innovation that utilizations existing wound pair phone lines to ship high-transmission capacity information, for example, media and video, to support endorsers. The term xDSL covers various comparative yet contending types of DSL advancements, including ADSL, SDSL, HDSL, HDSL-2, G. SHDL, IDSL, and VDSL. xDSL is drawing huge consideration from implementers and specialist co-ops since it vows to convey high-transmission capacity information rates to scattered areas with moderately little changes to the current telco framework. xDSL administrations are committed, highlight point, open system access over turned pair copper wire on the neighborhood circle (last mile) between a system administration provider’s (NSP) focal office and the client site, or on nearby circles made either intrabuilding or intracampus. At present, most DSL arrangements are ADSL, basically conveyed to private clients. This section center primarily around characterizing ADSL. Deviated Digital Subscriber Line Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) innovation is unbalanced. It permits more transmission capacity downstreamâ€from a NSP’s focal office to the client siteâ€than upstream from the supporter of the focal office. This asymmetry, joined with consistently on get to (which kills call arrangement), makes ADSL perfect for Internet/intranet surfing, video-on-request, and remote LAN get to. Clients of these applications ordinarily download significantly more data than they send. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 21-1 Chapter 21 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Digital Subscriber Line ADSL transmits more than 6 Mbps to an endorser and as much as 640 kbps more in the two bearings (appeared in Figure 21-1). Such rates extend existing access limit by a factor of at least 50 without new cabling. ADSL can truly change the current open data organize from one constrained to voice, content, and low-goals illustrations to a ground-breaking, universal framework equipped for bringing sight and sound, including full-movement video, to each home this century. Figure 21-1 The Components of an ADSL Network Include a Telco and a CPE Core organize Existing copper Server ADSL 1. 5 to 9 Mbps 16 to 640 kbps Internet ADSL association ADSL will assume a urgent job throughout the following decade or more as phone organizations enter new markets for conveying data in video and sight and sound configurations. New broadband cabling will take a long time to arrive at all imminent supporters. Accomplishment of these new administrations relies upon coming to however many endorsers as could be expected under the circumstances during the initial barely any years. By bringing motion pictures, TV, video indexes, remote CD-ROMs, corporate LANs, and the Internet into homes and independent companies, ADSL will make these business sectors feasible and productive for phone organizations and application providers the same. ADSL Capabilities An ADSL circuit interfaces an ADSL modem on each finish of a curved pair phone line, making three data stations: a fast downstream station, a medium-speed duplex station, and a fundamental telephone utility station. The essential telephone utility station is separated from the computerized modem by channels, along these lines ensuring continuous fundamental telephone utility, regardless of whether ADSL falls flat. The fast channel ranges from 1. 5 to 9 Mbps, and duplex rates run from 16 to 640 kbps. Each channel can be submultiplexed to shape numerous lower-rate channels. ADSL modems furnish information rates steady with North American T1 1. 544 Mbps and European E1 2. 048 Mbps computerized chains of command (see Figure 21-2), and can be bought with different speed reaches and abilities. The base arrangement gives 1. 5 or 2. 0 Mbps downstream and a 16-kbps duplex channel; others give paces of 6. 1 Mbps and 64 kbps for duplex. Items with downstream rates up to 8 Mbps and duplex rates up to 640 kbps are accessible today. ADSL modems oblige Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) transport with variable rates and pay for ATM overhead, just as IP conventions. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 21-2 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 21 Digital Subscriber Line Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Figure 21-2 This Chart Shows the Speeds for Downstream Bearer and Duplex Bearer Channels Downstream conveyor channels n x 1. 536 Mbps 1. 536 Mbps 3. 072 Mbps 4. 608 Mbps 6. 144 Mbps 2. 048 Mbps 4. 096 Mbps x 2. 048 Mbps Duplex conveyor channels C channel Optional channels 16 Kbps 64 Kbps 160 Kbps 384 Kbps 544 Kbps 576 Kbps Downstream information rates rely upon various components, including the length of the copper line, its wire check, the nearness of connected taps, and cross-coupled obstruction. Line weakening increments with line length and recurrence, and diminishes as wire width increments. Overlooking crossed over taps, ADSL proc eeds as appeared in Table 21-1. Table 21-1 Claimed ADSL Physical-Media Performance Data Rate (Mbps) 1. 5 or 2 1. 5 or 2 6. 1 6. 1 Wire Gauge (AWG) 24 26 24 26 Separation (feet) 18,000 15,000 12,000 9,000 Wire Size (mm) 0. 5 0. 4 0. 5 0. 4 Distance (km) 5. 5 4. 6 3. 7 2. 7 Although the measure differs from telco to telco, these abilities can conceal to 95 percent of a circle plant, contingent upon the ideal information rate. Clients past these separations can be reached with fiber-based computerized circle transporter (DLC) frameworks. As these DLC frameworks become industrially accessible, phone organizations can offer for all intents and purposes universal access in a generally brief timeframe. Numerous applications imagined for ADSL include computerized packed video. As a constant sign, computerized video can't utilize connection or system level blunder control strategies generally found in information correspondences frameworks. Consequently, ADSL modems consolidate forward mistake rectification that drastically decreases blunders brought about by drive commotion. Mistake adjustment on an image by-image premise likewise diminishes blunders brought about by ceaseless commotion coupled into a line. ADSL Technology ADSL relies upon cutting edge computerized signal preparing and inventive calculations to press such a great amount of data through bent pair phone lines. What's more, numerous advances have been required in transformers, simple channels, and simple/computerized (A/D) converters. Long phone lines may weaken signals at 1 MHz (the external edge of the band utilized by ADSL) by as much as 90 dB, constraining simple segments of ADSL modems to make a solid effort to acknowledge enormous unique reaches, separate channels, and Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 21-3 Chapter 21 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Digital Subscriber Line keep up low commotion figures. Outwardly, ADSL looks simpleâ€transparent simultaneous information pipes at different information rates over normal phone lines. Within, where all the transistors work, is a marvel of present day innovation. Figure 21-3 shows the ADSL handset arrange end. Figure 21-3 This Diagram Provides an Overview of the Devices That Make Up the ADSL Transceiver-Network End of the Topology Downstream channel(s) Duplex channel(s) Mux Error control XMTR D/An and A/D Line coupler Channel partition (FDM or ECH) Basic telephone utility splitter Line Demux Duplex channel(s) Error control RCVR Basic telephone utility ADSL transceiverâ€network end (Premises end is perfect representation) To make different stations, ADSL modems isolate the accessible data transfer capacity of a phone line in one of two different ways: recurrence division multiplexing (FDM) or reverberation dropping, as appeared in Figure 21-4. FDM appoints one band for upstream information and another band for downstream information. The downstream way is then separated by time-division multiplexing into at least one fast channels and at least one low-speed channels. The upstream way is likewise multiplexed into relating low-speed channels. Reverberation crossing out doles out the upstream band to cover the downstream, and isolates the two by methods for nearby reverberation retraction, a strategy notable in V. 32 and V. 34 modems. With either method, ADSL separates a 4-kHz area for essential telephone utility at the DC end of the band. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 21-4 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 21 Digital Subscriber Line Signaling and Modulation Figure 21-4 ADSL Uses FDM and Echo Cancellation to Divide the Available Bandwidth for Services FDM Upstream Basic telephone utility Downstream Frequency Echo wiping out Upstream Basic telephone utility Downstream 1 Mhz Frequency 1 Mhz An ADSL modem sorts out the total information stream made by multiplexing downstream stations, duplex stations, and upkeep stations together into squares, and it joins a blunder remedy code to each square. The collector at that point remedies mistakes that happen during transmission, up as far as possible suggested by the code and the square length. At the user’s alternative, the unit additionally can make superblocks by interleaving information inside subblocks; this permits the recipient to address any blend of blunders inside a particular range of bits. This, thusly, takes into consideration powerful transmission of the two information and video signals. Flagging and Modulation This area incorporates the accompanying: †¢ CAP and DMT Modulated ADSL Standards and Associations CAP and DMT Modulated ADSL DMT and CAP are line-coding techniques for adjusting the electrical signs sent over the copper wire in the neighborhood circle. Carrierless Amplitude and Phase (CAP) is a typical line-coding technique. Top is a surely known innovation due to its likeness with QAM. In spite of the fact that CAP is surely known and moderately reasonable, some contend that it is hard proportional since it is a solitary transporter adjustment procedure and is helpless to narrowband interferen

Yeast Lab free essay sample

During this trial we were attempting to decide how food accessibility influences CO2 creation (identified with populace development). We explored how one factor impacts the adjustment in yeast populace development as estimated by the measure of carbon dioxide delivered. The yeast that you purchase in the store contains living organismsâ€invisible little one celled, microorganisms. For whatever length of time that they are kept dry, they are latent. At the point when they are given food, dampness and warmth, they become dynamic and complete huge numbers of the existence exercises bigger life forms do. Molasses, which you can likewise purchase, is a blend of substances that are gotten from sugar stick. In spite of the fact that the substances are not alive, they were made by living life forms, the sugar stick plants. Subsequently, they are called natural substances. Natural substances just as life forms themselves are Important to crafted by scholars. The natural substances in molasses can be utilized as food by the yeasts. We will compose a custom paper test on Yeast Lab or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The components that can influence yeast development are temperature (30 degrees Celsius is the ideal temp for yeast development), supplements (e. g. sucrose, fructose, glucose, lactose (doesn't influence yeast development), pH level (5 6 is the ideal pH level for development). Maturation is the concoction breakdown of a substance by microscopic organisms, yeasts, or different microorganisms, commonly including bubbling and the emitting of warmth. These things identify with our test since yeast is an essential part in this test In this test we were doled out gatherings in which we worked in and made a theory. The speculation the my gathering and I concocted was that ‘If various measures of molasses were tried for yeast populace then the 25% molasses arrangement would deliver the most yeast in light of the fact that the more the measure of molasses then the yeast would be produced’. The free factor was the diverse measure of molasses in the syringe which were 10%, 15% and 25%. The needy variable for this test was the carbon dioxide arrangement. The control for this test was water refined water with no molasses included Concentration of molasses arrangement Amount of CO2 delivered (ml) Day 1 Amount of CO2 created (ml) Day 2 10% 2ml 4ml 15% 30ml 40ml 25% 40ml 60ml 0% (control) 0ml Conclusion My gathering and I developed yeast in a molasses arrangement (nourishment for the yeast) and explored how one factor impacts the adjustment in yeast populace development as estimated by the measure of carbon dioxide delivered. Our speculation was ‘If various measures of molasses were tried for yeast populace then the 25% molasses arrangement would create the most yeast in light of the fact that the more the measure of molasses then the more yeast would be produced’. My outcomes agreed with my speculation, the higher the level of the molasses the higher the measure of yeast delivered. The 10% made 4ml, 15% made 40ml and 25% made 60ml demonstrated that my theory was correct and that since we said 25% would deliver the most yeast and it did. We kept a similar measure of molasses arrangement, we kept a similar lighting and same temperature (same room), we kept a similar measure of yeast in each syringe no different. Our control in this examination was that we added any molasses in the arrangement and included 1ml of yeast in cleaned water. Shockingly we were unable to lead this investigation ourselves on the grounds that during our analysis there was blizzard, ruining the examination. So we utilized information gathered by a class that had done it already . I figure we could improve the examination by really leading it ourselves as this would make it progressively dependable. Name: Peter Rene Jarjou

Reuptake in Medications Used for BPD

Reuptake in Medications Used for BPD BPD Treatment Print Reuptake in Medications Used to Treat BPD Depression By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 23, 2020 Laguna Design/Oxford Scientific/Getty Images More in BPD Treatment Diagnosis Living With BPD Related Conditions Reuptake is an important medication feature to understand if you have borderline personality disorder (BPD) or any other mental health problem. Why? Because many medications used to treat mental health disorders work by altering a number of particular neurotransmitters in the brain. Reuptake is a key part of this process. Neurotransmitters  are chemical messengers that provide a pathway for transmitting signals released by nerve cells (neurons) across synapses (the spaces between cells) from one nerve cell to another. Reuptake is what happens after a signal is transmitted: The neurotransmitter, its work completed, is reabsorbed back into the cell that previously released it.   Why Is Reuptake Important in Treatment for BPD Depression? Depression in BPD and other mental health disorders are associated with low levels of certain brain chemicals, including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. If you have BPD  and are taking medication to treat depression (in other words, an antidepressant), you may be taking a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or SSRI. The most commonly prescribed antidepressants, SSRIs are often used to treat people with BPD by reducing the symptoms of moderate to severe depression. SSRIs increase the amount of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain by, as youre now aware, slowing its reuptake into the cells that transmitted it. As a result, higher-than-normal levels of serotonin are left to circulate in the brain. Increasing the amount of serotonin in the brain appears to help brain cells communicate, which in turn helps lift depression and improve mood. Serotonin has been called the bodys natural feel-good chemical because it produces a sense of well-being. As you can see, SSRIs dont help the body to produce more serotonin. Instead, they help the body circulate more of the serotonin it has. Examples of SSRIs Here are the names of the SSRIs available for your doctor to prescribe: Citalopram (Celexa)Escitalopram (Lexapro)Fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem)Fluvoxamine (Luvox)Paroxetine (Paxil, Paxil XR, Pexeva)Sertraline (Zoloft) What Are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors? A Word of Warning of Serotonin Syndrome The process of reuptake also plays a role in this rare but dangerous condition, which occurs when a person takes two medications that increase the level of serotonin in the body. This can result in dangerously high serotonin levels in the brain. Medications you should not take together include: Antidepressants, including SSRIsCertain pain or headache medicationsThe herbal supplement St. Johns Wort Signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome include: Rapid heart rateAnxietyAgitationLack of coordinationConfusionSweatingTremorsRestlessness If you have any of these signs or symptoms, get medical help immediately. Serotonin syndrome is more likely to occur when you first start taking a serotonin-boosting medication or when you increase the dose. Serotonin syndrome is rare, largely because doctors are very careful about prescribing medications that could cause it. Nevertheless, because this syndrome is so dangerous, the FDA has asked the makers of these types of medications to put warning labels on them that can alert you to this risk. How Serotonin Syndrome Is Diagnosed and Treated

Differences Between an Initialism and an Acronym

An initialism is an  abbreviation that consists of the first letter or letters of words in a phrase, such as EU (for European Union) and NFL (for National Football League).  Also called an alphabetism.   Initialisms are  usually shown in  capital letters, without spaces or periods between them.  Unlike acronyms, initialisms are not spoken as words; they are spoken letter by letter.   Examples and Observations ABC (American Broadcasting Company, Australian Broadcasting Corporation), ATM (Automatic Teller Machine), BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation), CNN (Cable News Network), DVD (Digital Versatile Disc), HTML  (HyperText Markup Language),  IBM (International Business Machines Corporation), NBC (National Broadcasting Company)Some names that began as initialisms have evolved into brands independent of their original meanings. For example, CBS, the American radio and television network, was created in 1928 as the Columbia Broadcasting System. In 1974, the name of the company was legally changed to CBS, Inc., and in the late 1990s, it became CBS Corporation.Similarly, the letters in the names SAT and ACT no longer represent anything. Originally known as the Scholastic Achievement Test, the SAT became an Aptitude Test in 1941 and an Assessment Test in 1990. Finally, in 1994, the name was officially changed to SAT (or, in full, SAT Reasoning Test) , with the letters signifying nothing. Two years later, American College Testing followed suit and changed the name of its test to ACT. Initialisms and Acronyms My favorite current acronym is the DUMP, a term universally used in Durham, New Hampshire to refer to a local supermarket with the unwittingly unfortunate name the Durham Market Place. Initialisms are  similar to acronyms in that they are composed of the first letters of a phrase, but unlike acronyms, they are pronounced as a series of letters. So most people in the US refer to the Federal Bureau of Investigation as the FBI...Other initialisms are PTA for Parent Teacher Association, PR for either public relations or personal record, and NCAA for National College Athletic Association.(Rochelle Lieber, Introducing Morphology. Cambridge University Press, 2010) [S]ometimes a letter in an initialism is formed not, as the term might imply, from an initial letter but rather from an initial sound (as the X in XML, for extensible markup language), or from the application of a number (W3C, for World Wide Web Consortium). Furthermore, an acronym and an initialism are occasionally combined (JPEG), and the line between initialism and acronym is not always clear (FAQ, which can be pronounced either as a word or as a series of letters).(The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed. The University of Chicago Press, 2010) CD-ROM CD-ROM is an interesting mix because it brings together an initialism (CD) and an acronym (ROM). The first part is sounded letter by letter, the second part is a whole word.(David Crystal, The Story of English in 100 Words. St. Martins Press, 2012) Usage The first time an acronym or initialism appears in a written work, write the complete term, followed by an abbreviated form in parentheses. Thereafter, you may use the acronym or initialism alone.(G. J. Alred, C. T. Brusaw, and W. E. Oliu, Handbook of Technical Writing, 6th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2000 AWOL In AWOL--All Wrong Old Laddiebuck, an animated film by Charles Bowers, a woman presents her calling card to a soldier and it reads Miss Awol. She then lures him away from camp without permission. The film is silent, of course, given the 1919 date, but the calling card indicates that AWOL is pronounced as a word, making it a true acronym and not just an initialism.(David Wilton and Ivan Brunetti, Word Myths. Oxford University Press, 2004) Pronunciation: i-NISH-i-liz-em EtymologyFrom the Latin, beginning

Decision-Making Models Essay - 959 Words

Decision-Making Models General assumptions create the foundation of a persons reasoning. Imperfections with a supposition can create the opportunity for a skewed perspective in a persons reasoning process (Paul Elder, 2002). The process of choosing one course of action over another is commonly known as decision making. Consciously or unconsciously, people make decisions on a daily basis founded on one or more of the various decision-making models (Sullivan, n.d.). This paper examines how I apply various decision-making models in the workplace to generate accurate workload estimations in my career. The Qualitative Choice Theory also known as analogous reasoning uses past experience to help an individual make decisions. A†¦show more content†¦I normally make use of the parametric model when estimating a large project. I look at one piece of the project and create an estimate of the level of effort needed to complete the piece, and multiply the estimate by the number of pieces that comprise the project. When I bid the creation of the initial website for the aforementioned client, I determined there would be only two Web pages requiring Active Server Pages (ASP) programming due to database interaction; the remaining 20 pages could be coded using static Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and JavaScript. Drawing on parametric model I estimated the time needed to code a single HTML page and multiplied that estimate by 20. I created individual time estimates for the 2 ASP pages due to the unique nature of the pages. The total estimate delivered was approximately 30 hours. As of late, my supervisor has encouraged me to begin using the PERT technique to provide a more accurate time estimate. The formula used to calculate the PERT is: ((realistic * 4) + pessimistic + optimistic) / 6. Using the 30-hour estimate issued to the aforementioned client and accounting for every situation that could create difficulties, I created a pessimistic estimate of 47 hours. Assuming flawless execution with no complications, I have created an optimistic estimate of 25 hours. The PERT formula calculates the estimated level of effort at 32 hours. The Monte CarloShow MoreRelatedDecision Making Models Of A Model Essay1551 Words   |  7 PagesDecision making models come in countless arrangements and complexities. In gathering examples of existing models, I understood the significance of personalizing a model to my own preferences and use. A tailored decision model creates an opportunity to provide a distinct structure that promises greater success in using it on a daily basis for myriad types of decisions, both small and large. The model I configured comprises six stages in the process. I chose to begin my model with the task of recognizingRead More Decision-Making Models Essay798 Words   |  4 PagesDecision-Making Models   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several decision-making models to choose from in any given situation. Some of these models available on the Internet are the Responsible Decision-Making Model, the Ethical Decision-Making Model, the Ethics Toolkit PLUS Model, the Vigilant Decision-Maker Process, and some basic ones as well. In general, all decision-making models are the processes we use to make well-thought out decisions. There are three major elements of all decision-making models. TheseRead More Decision-Making Models Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesDecision-Making Models Negotiations and decisions are a part of everyday business. In order to make a successful decision, it is necessary to understand how to make rational and sound decisions. Decisions that are rash, made on snap judgments, and past experiences can prove detrimental to a business. 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People all make varying importance decisions every day, thus the idea that decision making can be a rather difficult action may seem so strangeRead MoreDecision-Making Model Analysis: 7-Step Decision-Making Model Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesDecision-Making Model Analysis: 7-Step Decision-Making Process Decision making is defined as the cognitive process leading to the selection of a course of action among alternatives (Decision Making, 2006, para. 1). Decisions are made continually throughout our day. For the most part, our decision-making processes are either sub-conscious or made fairly quickly due to the nature of the decision before us. Most of us dont spend much time deciding what to have for lunch, what to wear, or what

Shutter Island Scene Reviews and Diagnosis Free Essays

Psychological disorder: Grandiose and Persecutory Delusional Disorder Movie title: Shutter Island Movie rating: 3. 5/5 Character name: Teddy Daniels (Aka. Andrew Laeddis) Actor’s name: Leonardo DiCaprio Andrew Laeddis’ wife went insane and drowned their children, so he murdered her. We will write a custom essay sample on Shutter Island Scene Reviews and Diagnosis or any similar topic only for you Order Now He feels guilty about neglecting to get his wife help, which could have saved their children, and guilty about killing her as well; the two of these add up heavily on his conscience, so much so that he creates an alternate personality (Teddy Daniels) to get away from the terrible reality that is his life. I will refer to him as Teddy throughout my character diagnosis. Scene one: Teddy experiences a nightmare about his wife. The fire symbolizes not only how she first tried to commit suicide, but also the death of his sanity. The nightmare begins with his wife scolding him about his drinking problem, which is a repressed regret that only comes out in his dreams where he is vulnerable. She says she never left, and she walks to the window where you can see the lake; the one where she drowned her children and was murdered (by Teddy) at. She tells him he needs to wake up, but she really means he needs to see reality, she says she’s not really there, and that he needs to face that. She says â€Å"Laeddis† is still there, which is who he was before he invented the Teddy persona to avoid feeling the guilt, since he would inevitably blame himself for their deaths. Scene two: Teddy has a flashback about his traumatic experience in Germany during World War II. He has post-traumatic stress disorder from his time spent there and his repressed memories span from killing guards to seeing thousands of innocent people turn to frozen corpses. He has guilt, shame and self-hatred induced psychosis from his involvement in the war. He sees his nurse (he replaces the image of his wife with the image of his nurse because it’s easier to handle) and his deceased daughter, she is a symbol of his guilt for neglecting his wife’s mental problems. If he had have done something about his wife, his children would not have died. Scene three: Again Teddy replaces his wife with his nurse to avoid further pain and she asks him to help her. He picks up his daughter and she once again is a symbol of guilt as she asks him why he didn’t save her. He said it was too late by the time he got there, meaning physically to the scene where his children were murdered as well as meaning that he was too late in getting help for his wife who was visibly losing touch with reality. Scene four: Teddy talks to his old friend, who he remembers, but he does not understand still that he was a patient at Shutter Island along with his friend. He does not remember beating up his friend, even when his friend says he looks so bad because of him. Teddy stays stuck in his other personality, which is a common trait of borderline personality disorder. When he is in one identity, he shows a complete amnesia for his other identity. He created a fictional life for himself, with fictional characters to go along with the story. He tells himself his wife died in a fire, when he really murdered her. He blames â€Å"Andrew Laeddis† (who is himself) for being the one who lit the match that killed his wife, which is a metaphor for him being at fault for her death, and the children’s deaths. He is in a constant search for Andrew Laeddis, saying he’s the secret patient at Shutter Island, and his imagined wife tells him to kill Andrew. He wants so badly to get rid of his past self, because he would rather live without feeling the guilt. His friend says he can’t deal with the truth and kill his old self at the same time, he makes the point that he’s fighting against himself. When his friend mentions his deceased wife, and repeats saying â€Å"let her go†, Teddy hallucinates that she is present in the room. His friend knows he’s seeing her, and is clearly distressed, he knows his delusions will be the death of him. He snaps out of his alternate personality for a moment and says that he can’t let her go. Knowing that Teddy was and still is technically a patient of Shutter Island, he warns that Teddy will never leave the island. How to cite Shutter Island Scene Reviews and Diagnosis, Papers

The Credit Card Fraud Cases in the Hospitality Industry

Background Today, technology has made our lives easier and better. Suppose you want to go and grab some snack or shop for some goods at the local store, you don’t have to carry cash with you. There is always a tiny and convenient credit card in your pocket that can buy you anything you want.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Credit Card Fraud Cases in the Hospitality Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More And everyday technology is getting more advanced and things are becoming better and easier. And with new technologies being introduced, there is a higher potential of new fraud activities. Today, we will discuss credit card frauds in restaurants. Credit cards were initially a bipartite agreement – between the shopkeeper and the customer. But now the rules have changed and the credit card issuers act as middlemen (Economy Watch, 2010). Everyone, who ever had a credit card, is aware of that feeling of fear when he/she looks in his/her wallet and thinks that he/she has lost his/her credit card. And that fear is reasonable. If one finds/steals your credit card, he can easily buy goods from a local gas station or Wal-Mart. Things get worse if the thief possesses some personal information about the credit card owner. One can easily do online shopping without getting caught. But those are obvious fears. A lot of people don’t realize that the threat of their credit card being stolen is even bigger than they can consider at the first sight. Just imagine yourself sitting in a restaurant. You and your love ones are enjoying the nice and warm environment, eating good food and just having a good time. And once you are done, the waiter brings the check to you. You give him your credit card. He returns with a receipt and you leave the restaurant. You are happy and looks like everything is all right, but you don’t realize that when the waiter took your credit card to charge you, he might have copied all your credit card information and this is when the credit card fraud begins.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most of the waiters are smart enough not to use your credit card. They simply transfer all information to their friends or partners, who utilize the money by doing online purchases etc. This is one of the most popular frauds in the hospitality industry and it happens everywhere including high-end luxury restaurants. Let’s analyze one of the most famous credit card frauds that happened in New York City in 2008-2009. Many waiters were arrested for stealing 3 million dollars in credit card fraud. People who were coming to 40 different restaurants in New York and many other states did not know that their credit card information was stolen when they were paying for their dinner. Waiters in many restaurants recorded customerâ €™s credit card info and were giving it to the third person/organization that paid them for such information. Unauthorized purchases worth more than 3,000,000 dollars were made, according to the prosecutors. Thirteen people were accused of unauthorized purchases on other people’s cards. People, whose credit cards info was stolen, were dining in Manhattan, other parts of NY, Florida, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Connecticut, and many other places. It was proved that leaders of the conspiracy formed an organization that managed people who applied for jobs in restaurants and were hired as waiters. These people were given hand-held â€Å"skimmers† that could read and save information available on the magnetic strips of credit cards. Some of these leaders worked in the same restaurants. They collected the devices afterwards and paid the waiters for stolen info from each card. The fee was $35-$50 per card.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Cre dit Card Fraud Cases in the Hospitality Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This fraudulent activity continued from November 2005 to 2009. The suspects used the stolen information for making fake credit cards and paying with them (CBS News, 2009). There are thousands of credit card frauds happening every year. And this number is rising every day. The government is not capable of defending each individual credit card holder. The government officials start pursuing a case when they see some big money thefts. Most of the thieves are humble enough to keep cash flow low so they wouldn’t be red flagged. I have personally experienced such a fraud. Few months ago I went to a restaurant in Sunny Isles, Florida. All the locals know that the waiters serving in restaurants in this area are immigrants from post Soviet Union country. They came here as exchange students and are willing to work during summer time to make some fast money and leave the country. They don’t care about what happens after they leave. I believe these are some of the reasons why my credit card information was stolen. So in a couple of days, after visiting that restaurant and paying for my meal with a credit card, I noticed some suspicious activity in my credit card account. I saw a few unauthorized purchases in New York and Chicago areas. This is when I made a call to my credit card company. Of course, in couple of weeks they returned my money but I believe nobody was arrested for stealing my information. They didn’t even ask me where I was shopping or eating. Nobody is interested. Credit card fraud statistics, published in a respected industry newsletter, place U.S. payment card fraud losses for 2010 at $3.56 billion, or almost half of the total global fraud losses reported (Merchant Express, 2012).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analysis of the dilemma Credit card scam is categorically one of the major menaces having negative impacts on businesses throughout the world. The hospitality industry is no exception and the managements of such organizations are stepping up their efforts in combating this threat and trying to safeguard their customers from being targets of the credit card fraudsters. If the organizations are not alert and pay less importance to the credit card frauds, their reputation might be at stake besides costing them huge amounts of money (Westpac, n.d., p. 3). Before analyzing the dilemma, let us first understand the meaning of a credit card fraud. When a person utilizes another person’s credit card for his/her personal use and the actual owner of the credit card is not aware of such transactions, it may be accounted as being a credit card fraud. Besides, the person who is utilizing the credit card is not connected to the owner in any manner and has no plans to contact him/her (the ow ner of the credit card). In such instances, the user doesn’t even have any intention of repaying the amount spent (Bhatla, Prabhu Dua, 2003, p. 1). Basically, there are four kinds of credit card frauds namely, bankruptcy fraud, theft or counterfeit fraud, application fraud, and behavioral fraud (Delamaire, Abdou Pointon, 2009, p. 59). During the years, the credit card issuing authorities have taken effective measures to counter the credit card frauds. Simultaneously, the bigger business houses have introduced new means to save their customers’ details from being hacked by the credit card fraudsters. But there are many small business people in the hospitality industry who don’t have any counter methods in place. Data Security Standard (DSS), put into practice by the ‘Security Standards Council’ (SSC) lays stress on the protection of customers’ interests (Protecting the credit privacy of your clients, n.d., p. 2). On the other hand, the credi t card issuing authorities have ensured that all the guidelines laid down by the ‘SSC’ are followed accordingly. But unfortunately, there are many small business owners who are unaware of any such guidelines (The Data Dilemma, para. 1). The owners of businesses alone cannot avert the credit card frauds. It needs a combined effort from the accounts department, the information technology department and the operations department to ensure that there are no credit card frauds in their organization (Trieber, n.d., p. 6). An even bigger concern for the hospitality industry is the use of credit cards by unauthorized guests for adjusting their hotel charges (Goldman, n.d., para. 1). This has proved to be an even bigger problem that is posing a great warning to the hospitality industry. It is estimated that out of the total credit card frauds, those in the hospitality industry account for 55% frauds and among the hospitality industry credit card frauds, 85% happen in small busin ess establishments (Haley Connolly, 2008, para. 3). So it is the smaller organizations that are the most affected and as such, efforts should be made towards educating them. Customers are very important in any kind of business. People in the hospitality industry are in a fix. They don’t know what to do in cases where some of the customers themselves are fraudsters. How can they differentiate between a genuine customer and a fraudster? Well, there are certain measures that, if taken, may avert maximum frauds. Any businessman will be happy when a customer buys a lot of things from his shop. But he should not be carried away by the huge amount of sales. There are chances that such big customers are taking undue advantage of some other’s credit card. Such customers buy huge quantities of supplies and don’t even bargain the prices. Business owners should train their staff to believe their gut feeling and report any such ambiguous person immediately (Nab, n.d., para. 6). Another dilemma for the hospitality industry owners is to believe or not to believe their staff members. There have been instances where billing clerks or other staff members have passed on the credit card information of customers to hackers in return of benefits (Federal Trade Commission, 2012, para. 2). The privacy of customers is yet another issue that the owners of the hospitality business have to tackle with. The reputation of the industry depends a lot on the level of privacy that is offered to the guests (Haley, 2005). Some of the banks have taken steps to counter the menace of credit card frauds. One of the immediate steps that they have taken is to ensure a call to customers if there is any ambiguous purchase (Parmar, n.d., p. 1). References Bhatla, P. Prabhu, V. Dua, A. (2003). Understanding credit card frauds. Retrieved from http://www.popcenter.org/problems/credit_card_fraud/PDFs/Bhatla.pdf CBS News. (2009). Waiters arrested in $3M credit card fraud. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-201_162-2713680.html Delamaire, L. Abdou, H. Pointon, J. (2009). Credit card fraud and detection techniques: A review. Banks and Bank Systems, 4(2), 57-68. Economy Watch. (2010). Credit card fraud. Retrieved from http://www.economywatch.com/credit-card/fraud.html Federal Trade Commission. (2012). Protecting against credit card fraud. Retrieved from http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0216-protecting-against-credit-card-fraud Goldman, P. (n.d.). Credit card fraud: The threat to hotels and restaurants everywhere. Retrieved from http://hotelexecutive.com/business_review/172/credit-card-fraud-the-threat-to-hotels-and-restaurants-everywhere Haley, M. (2005). The privacy dilemma. Retrieved from http://www.hospitalityupgrade.com/_files/File_Articles/HUSum05_APrivacyPrimer_Haley.pdf Haley, M. Connolly, D. (2008). The payment card industry compliance process for lodging establishments. Retrieved from http://www.ahla.com/uploadedFiles/AHLA/Members_Only/Property _and_Corporate/Property_-_Publications/PCI%20Compliance%20Technology%20Primer.pdf Merchant Express. (2012). U. S. Credit card fraud stats lead world. Retrieved from http://www.merchantexpress.com/blog/u-s-credit-card-fraud-stats-lead-world# Nab. (n.d.). Credit card fraud protection: How to protect your business and your customers. Retrieved from http://www.nab.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/377557804b9d6b779fcfdff1eeeae8e9/Credit_Crad_Fraud_Brochure.pdf?MOD=AJPERESCACHEID=377557804b9d6b779fcfdff1eeeae8e9 Parmar, B. (2013). Banks take steps to make credit card payments more safe. Retrieved from http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/banking/banks-take-steps-to-make-credit-card-payments-more-safe/article4466130.ece Protecting the credit privacy of your clients. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.calodging.com/images/uploads/pdfs/Privacy_Protection_Wiggins.pdf The Data Dilemma. (2013). Retrieved from http://www2.qsrmagazine.com/articles/tools/114/creditcard-1.phtml Trieber, J. (n.d.). Where the rumors and myths end, and the facts begin. Retrieved from http://www.hftp.org/Content/PCI/HFTPPCISeries.pdf Westpac. (n.d.). Merchant business solutions. Retrieved from http://www.westpac.com.au/docs/pdf/bb/Merchant_Fraud_Brochure_V2_1.pdf This case study on The Credit Card Fraud Cases in the Hospitality Industry was written and submitted by user Elisabeth Bruce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.